Dignity Of Women And Domestic Violence

Dignity Of Women And Domestic Violence A lady was crying in the arbitrator room because her husband severely beat him yesterday, the face of the lady was swollen and her hands were injured. It was the case of Domestic violence. Dignity of women should be respected by every individual of the society, because the Women are the equal partner of the society. According to Beijing conference on women Dr Joaquin Navarro-Valls said (1995) The dignity of women is prerequisite to any recognition on the part of the State. Without a clear understanding of the meaning of human dignity, discrimination will never be avoided. But unfortunately such respect and honor could not be maintained and which resulted in an uncompromised issues such as domestic violence. It can be defined as: A continuum of behavior ranging from verbal abuse, physical and sexual assault to rape even homicide. (Department of Health DOH 2000) Domestic violence is the most serious problems that affect the health and wellbeing of the women. It ranges from single injury to life long disabilities. As Marjorie McAtee (2010) mentioned that: Domestic violence can have a number of long-term effects on the women who are often its victims. These effects can extend far beyond immediate injury. It was shocked me when my friend told the story which said lady presented in front of him. The lady told that: I got married at the age of 21 and delivered the first baby girl within the periods of 12 months. On the completion of the second year of my marriage my husband showing irresponsible attitudes towards providing finance and participating in social activities. He starts to abuse language and threaten me; day by day his attitude become worse and he disallowed me to go out even to my parent house. Im so sacred to him. One night he came very late and he was drunk, when I ask the reasons to late and drunk, he come to me and slaps me and start biting me with his belt, its now became his habit to beat , torture and abuse me, many time our neighbors came and intervene us. Im so worried about my baby because I can not give her proper time. I also feel myself unhealthy as physically and mentally. Analysis: Domestic violence is an extended phenomenon. One analysis on the basis of statistics can help us to understand the widespread of this issue. According to Aurat Founadtion press statement: (Feb. 2010). A total of 8548 incidents of violence against women were reported in the four Provinces of Pakistan and in capital territory Islamabad during year 2009. It is not only the nationally spread phenomena but it cross the boundaries and now become the global issue As the Sushma Panday mentioned in her book of Psycho-social aspect of domestic violence: According to UNCIEF study report (2000) 20-50 percent of women population of world is victims of domestic violence. After going through the story, different question has been raised in my mind such as why domestic violence happens? What are the forms of such violence? How it effects on the health of deprived lady as well as other women? And how it can be prevented or avoided? These questions help me to analysis the said story through various literatures. There are different domains or kinds of domestic violence which the victim as well as the under discussion lady has been faced, the first kind of violence is physical abuse in which women are being physically abused by biting, hitting, pouncing, slapping or burning. Another one is emotional or psychological abuse in which women is being humiliated and threaded by spouse. Sexual abuse is a kind of violence in which women is being forced for unsafe or unwanted sex with the same spouse or with others. Femicide is form of violence in which women are killed due gender discrimination; honor killings are one of the examples of femicide. The role of health care provider to identify such form would be helpful to plan smooth treatment process to the women health. According to Wikipedia: All forms of domestic abuse have one purpose: to gain and maintain total control over the victim. Abusers use many tactics to exert power over their spouse or partner. Susan Scott Ricci and Terri Kyle (2008) citied in the book Maternity and Pediatric Nursing that: Nurses play a major role in assessing women who has suffered from some types of violenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a visit to a health care agency is an ideal time for women to be assessed for violence. Besides the forms of such violence there are several causes responsible for domestic violence and these causes answered that why domestic violence happened to the said lady as well as the entire victimized women. The individual who grow in an environment where violence is practice or taught is an essential cause of violence, because such individuals develops and grow his perception or thoughts accordingly. Poverty or low socio-economic status is a prominent cause of violence because when the wants and needs not fulfilled, that resulted in domestic violence. That similarly happens in the mentioned story. Addiction is equally responsible for the said violence, As the Bethany Winkel (2009) citied: Almost 80% of domestic violence crimes have a connection to drugs. Therefore, a big part of the solution to domestic abuse is to address the underlying substance abuse. Mental illness is also responsible for the domestic violence. The mentally unhealthy person unable to cope with situations an d domestic violence resulted. Poor self esteem and power relation or male domination is also the cause of said violence, because in our society men treated as head or dominated part of family as compare to women. The role of health care provider to identify specific causes help to guide the victim to resolve the underlying factor of violence. As the Holly McDowall cited: While nurses can help to prevent further abuse by placing barriers between victims and the abuse, this is more complex than referrals to shelters. After being analysis of causes and forms of domestic violence its essay to understand the affects of such violence to health of the deprived lady as well as other victimized women. As Kristen Fraser citied in article of Domestic Violence and Womens Physical Health: Campbell et al. (2002) argue, based on their findings that abused women have increased risk of gynecological, central nervous system and stress-related health problems. Primarily physical health of the women is severely affected from such violence. Bruises, cuts, burns, scars and fractures are some of the sign of the physical violence. Psychological and mental health is also being affected by such violence, depression; stress, anxiety; suicidal ideations and post traumatic syndrome are some of the unhealthy signs which victim as well as deprived lady has been experienced. When the violence is practiced in front of the children it may affect his /her psychological health as well as leads to building up their negative perceptions, similarly happen in mentioned story. When the victim is physically and psychologically is unhealthy can not enjoy the well beings of life and remain unsocialized from family and friends. When one individual is affected in the society from a domestic violence than the concept of violence society is emerged, because every individual is connected to their society as a member. Therefore domestic violence affected the health and wellbeing of the women as well as entire society. In context of said story or deprived lady; her physical health, psychological and social activity is affected from the violence and on other hand her child is also affected as passive member of violence After having the analysis of forms, causes and affects of domestic violence. It is very important to look forward the ways that how said violence can be prevented or avoid for the deprived lady as well as the all victims. cycle of violence theory which was introduce by researcher and feminist Lenore Walker in 1970 which help to understand such violence It include Honey moon Phase, Tension building Phase, and Acting out Phase putting the lady on that cycle we can analysis that problem has been started gradually that leads to severe one. We can avoid such tensions into tension building phase. Another suggestion and recommendation include that self awareness about rights of women, approached for legal rights and mutual consensus is also some of strategies to stop violence. The role of the nurse to in the said violence is very important as Mary Cipriano and Ruth Ludwick citied: The challenge is what nurses can do about it. Ask a woman if she is fearful of harm. Write a letter or speak to a legislator about domestic violence. Volunteer your skills at a shelter for victims of domestic violence. Open a discussion with a person from another culture about domestic violence. I conclude by saying that the by proper knowledge and understanding of forms, causes effects and preventive methods of domestic violence women can safe from hazardous effects of violence on health and wellbeing.

The Mandolin :: essays research papers

The Mandolin The mandolin has been around since the end of the 16th Century, although it didn’t look much like the instrument we know today. It evolved in the 18th century and was built in several varieties in different Italian towns, the Neapolitan mandolin becoming the representative type. It was played widely throughout Western Europe from around 1700 to 1810. In the late 1800s a stronger bowl back instrument was developed in Naples, Italy by the Vinaccia family. Known today as the Neapolitan mandolin, this instrument has a bent soundboard, moveable bridge, metal strings and is plucked with a pick. At the end of the 1800s, the Neapolitan mandolin was popular both in Italy and throughout Western Europe. It spread to the U.S. with Italian immigration. The instrument conceived by the Gibson Company in the early 1900s today dominates the Mandolin in the U.S. Built more like a violin with carved single pieces of wood for the front and back, most modern American flat backs are based on Gibson designs. All three of these instruments: Baroque mandolin, round back or Neapolitan mandolin and flat back mandolin, are still played and the musical traditions from the different periods survive on all continents. Mandolins evolved from the Lute family in Italy during the 17th -18th centuries, and the deep bowled mandolin produced particularly in Naples became a common type in the19th century. The original instrument was the mandola (mandorla is almond in Italian and describes the instrument body shape) and evolved in the 15th century from the lute. Later, smaller mandola was developed and became known as a mandolina. Mandolins can be used for a variety of occasions. The Italian mandolin is used for birthdays, or births of a baby. Anniversaries, and especially weddings, I know my parents had a mandolin at there wedding. Mandolins have a soft and gentle sound perfect for these occasions. The mandolin is played kind of like a guitar, but has obvious differences. There are many artists that play the mandolin, but the only one that I know of is my Aunt. (Adriana Vitale). She has not mastered the mandolin but she can play decent, sometimes. She said â€Å"When played right the mandolin has a nice deep gentle sound and sounds as beautiful as it looks, but when I play it, it sounds like a ukulele†.

Earlier Teen Years :: Personal Narrative Growing Up Essays

Earlier Teen Years My little sister's all grown up now, but she's only ten years old. She looks like a teenager. She thinks like a teenager. And you could say she acts like one because teenagers themselves are not very mature. She loves to hang around me, and she tries to persuade me to act more like a typical 18-year-old girl because she wants to be one herself. She begs me to take her shopping and let her do my hair. She wants to be just like me. At first, I thought it was because she's the youngest in the family, and she wanted to be like her big sister and brother. However, I realized I didn't look like the typical teen. In fact, she dresses more like a typical teenager than I do. Many of her friends are the oldest children in their families yet try to present the image of a teenager. They all seem to wish they were older. Girls these days just seem to want to, and do, grow up sooner and sooner. It seems the "teenage years" have changed, starting well before the age of thirteen. As I have said, my sister and her friends are prime examples of this change. For instance, they have sleep-overs and stay up till dawn. Their many sleep-over activities include gossiping about boys and discussing fashions, painting nails, and experimenting with make-up. I never did such things at that age. My friends and I had to go to bed by one or two at the latest, and we played games and watched movies. My sister also thinks that she should have the same privileges that I do at age eighteen when she's only ten. She thinks she can stay up late, till ten or eleven o'clock. I was in bed by eight when I was her age. Not only does she want to stay up late, but she also thinks that she can watch any movie she wants. It's hard to pick a movie the whole family will like that's rated PG these days, so many times we choose a PG-13 movie (sometimes even R) and let her watch with us. This has given her the idea that she is mature enough to watch anything she wants. She likes the TV show Fr iends, but at her age she doesn't completely understand the adult content in the show, nor does she need to.

Deception Point Page 75

Built by Lockheed, the Aurora looked like a flattened American football. It was 110 feet long, sixty feet wide, smoothly contoured with a crystalline patina of thermal tiles much like the space shuttle. The speed was primarily the result of an exotic new propulsion system known as a Pulse Detonation Wave Engine, which burned a clean, misted, liquid hydrogen and left a telltale pulse contrail in the sky. For this reason, it only flew at night. Tonight, with the luxury of enormous speed, the Delta Force was taking the long way home, out across the open ocean. Even so, they were overtaking their quarry. At this rate, the Delta Force would be arriving on the eastern seaboard in under an hour, a good two hours before its prey. There had been discussion of tracking and shooting down the plane in question, but the controller rightly feared a radar capture of the incident or the burned wreckage might bring on a massive investigation. It was best to let the plane land as scheduled, the controller had decided. Once it became clear where their quarry intended to land, the Delta Force would move in. Now, as Aurora streaked over the desolate Labrador Sea, Delta-One's CrypTalk indicated an incoming call. He answered. â€Å"The situation has changed,† the electronic voice informed them. â€Å"You have another mark before Rachel Sexton and the scientists land.† Another mark. Delta-One could feel it. Things were unraveling. The controller's ship had sprung another leak, and the controller needed them to patch it as fast as possible. The ship would not be leaking, Delta-One reminded himself, if we had hit our marks successfully on the Milne Ice Shelf. Delta-One knew damn well he was cleaning up his own mess. â€Å"A fourth party has become involved,† the controller said. â€Å"Who?† The controller paused a moment-and then gave them a name. The three men exchanged startled looks. It was a name they knew well. No wonder the controller sounded reluctant! Delta-One thought. For an operation conceived as a â€Å"zero-casualty† venture, the body count and target profile was climbing fast. He felt his sinews tighten as the controller prepared to inform them exactly how and where they would eliminate this new individual. â€Å"The stakes have increased considerably,† the controller said. â€Å"Listen closely. I will give you these instructions only once.† 89 High above northern Maine, a G4 jet continued speeding toward Washington. Onboard, Michael Tolland and Corky Marlinson looked on as Rachel Sexton began to explain her theory for why there might be increased hydrogen ions in the fusion crust of the meteorite. â€Å"NASA has a private test facility called Plum Brook Station,† Rachel explained, hardly able to believe she was going to talk about this. Sharing classified information out of protocol was not something she had ever done, but considering the circumstances, Tolland and Corky had a right to know this. â€Å"Plum Brook is essentially a test chamber for NASA's most radical new engine systems. Two years ago I wrote a gist about a new design NASA was testing there-something called an expander cycle engine.† Corky eyed her suspiciously. â€Å"Expander cycle engines are still in the theoretical stage. On paper. Nobody's actually testing. That's decades away.† Rachel shook her head. â€Å"Sorry, Corky. NASA has prototypes. They're testing.† â€Å"What?† Corky looked skeptical. â€Å"ECE's run on liquid oxygen-hydrogen, which freezes in space, making the engine worthless to NASA. They said they were not even going to try to build an ECE until they overcame the freezing fuel problem.† â€Å"They overcame it. They got rid of the oxygen and turned the fuel into a ‘slush-hydrogen' mixture, which is some kind of cryogenic fuel consisting of pure hydrogen in a semifrozen state. It's very powerful and very clean burning. It's also a contender for the propulsion system if NASA runs missions to Mars.† Corky looked amazed. â€Å"This can't be true.† â€Å"It better be true,† Rachel said. â€Å"I wrote a brief about it for the President. My boss was up in arms because NASA wanted to publicly announce slush-hydrogen as a big success, and Pickering wanted the White House to force NASA to keep slush-hydrogen classified.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"Not important,† Rachel said, having no intention of sharing more secrets than she had to. The truth was that Pickering's desire to classify slush-hydrogen's success was to fight a growing national security concern few knew existed-the alarming expansion of China's space technology. The Chinese were currently developing a deadly â€Å"for-hire† launch platform, which they intended to rent out to high bidders, most of whom would be U.S. enemies. The implications for U.S. security were devastating. Fortunately, the NRO knew China was pursuing a doomed propulsion-fuel model for their launch platform, and Pickering saw no reason to tip them off about NASA's more promising slush-hydrogen propellant. â€Å"So,† Tolland said, looking uneasy, â€Å"you're saying NASA has a clean-burning propulsion system that runs on pure hydrogen?† Rachel nodded. â€Å"I don't have figures, but the exhaust temperatures of these engines are apparently several times hotter than anything ever before developed. They're requiring NASA to develop all kinds of new nozzle materials.† She paused. â€Å"A large rock, placed behind one of these slush-hydrogen engines, would be scalded by a hydrogen-rich blast of exhaust fire coming out at an unprecedented temperature. You'd get quite a fusion crust.† â€Å"Come on now!† Corky said. â€Å"Are we back to the fake meteorite scenario?† Tolland seemed suddenly intrigued. â€Å"Actually, that's quite an idea. The setup would be more or less like leaving a boulder on the launchpad under the space shuttle during liftoff.† â€Å"God save me,† Corky muttered. â€Å"I'm airborne with idiots.† â€Å"Corky,† Tolland said. â€Å"Hypothetically speaking, a rock placed in an exhaust field would exhibit similar burn features to one that fell through the atmosphere, wouldn't it? You'd have the same directional striations and backflow of the melting material.† Corky grunted. â€Å"I suppose.† â€Å"And Rachel's clean-burning hydrogen fuel would leave no chemical residue. Only hydrogen. Increased levels of hydrogen ions in the fusion pocking.† Corky rolled his eyes. â€Å"Look, if one of these ECE engines actually exists, and runs on slush-hydrogen, I suppose what you're talking about is possible. But it's extremely far-fetched.† â€Å"Why?† Tolland asked. â€Å"The process seems fairly simple.† Rachel nodded. â€Å"All you need is a 190-million-year-old fossilized rock. Blast it in a slush-hydrogen-engine exhaust fire, and bury it in the ice. Instant meteorite.† â€Å"To a tourist, maybe,† Corky said, â€Å"but not to a NASA scientist! You still haven't explained the chondrules!† Rachel tried to recall Corky's explanation of how chondrules formed. â€Å"You said chondrules are caused by rapid heating and cooling events in space, right?† Corky sighed. â€Å"Chondrules form when a rock, chilled in space, suddenly becomes superheated to a partial-melt stage-somewhere near 1550 Celsius. Then the rock must cool again, extremely rapidly, hardening the liquid pockets into chondrules.† Tolland studied his friend. â€Å"And this process can't happen on earth?† â€Å"Impossible,† Corky said. â€Å"This planet does not have the temperature variance to cause that kind of rapid shift. You're talking here about nuclear heat and the absolute zero of space. Those extremes simply don't exist on earth.† Rachel considered it. â€Å"At least not naturally.†

M11Cde Skills-Based Assessment

School of Engineering & Computing Department of Computing Internet Information Security (M11CDE) Layered Security Student Name: BUSA ABANG OBI SID:4560229 I certify that this is my own work yes/no and that I have read and understand the University Assessment regulations. Signature: [pic] Submission Details The details below indicate what you should submit, when you should submit it and where is should be submitted to. Submission Date and Method Deadline 11 January 2013 11:50pm online submission. Submission Format: 1. Fill the online quiz for the practical test which will be available one week before the final fixed deadline. . Download an electronic copy of this document and where there are blanks or spaces to complete addressing information etc. , please include them in the document. You submission should include the answers in the document, but do not change the document in any other way! If the document has been modified other than to include the required information your submissi on will be null and void. 3. Your files should be name as â€Å"SID_FIRSTNAME_SURNAME. doc†. E. g. 100292_FIRSTNAME_SURNAME. doc. 4. Save the configurations from all your network devices and embed them into the end of this document. 5.If you have attempted to configure VLANs, please also include a switch configuration from any one of your LAN switches. Please note that this must be a switch that you have actually configured VLANs on. 6. If you have implemented the network in Packet Tracer, you may consider submitting a copy of that as well but this is not compulsory. Zero Tolerance for late submission: If your work is late it will have to be marked zero according to new university policy. Please ensure you upload your work well before the deadline. You will be able to delete and update your work before the deadline. Plagiarism Note:As with all assessed work, both the research and written submission should be your own work. When submitting this work you are explicitly indicati ng that you have read the rules on plagiarism as defined in the University regulations and that all work is in fact your own, except where explicitly referenced using the accepted referencing style. Feedback and marking: The practical work will be marked by using the questions set in the online quiz and number of questions for each section will depend on the weightings set in the below sections. Feedbacks and marks will be provided once the online practical quiz is submitted.Network topology [Whilst the topology shows only two hosts on each LAN, you should configure four hosts on each LAN. ] Network Information The WAN IP network address between Dundee and Glasgow is 209. 154. 17. 0 with a subnet mask of 255. 255. 255. 0. The WAN IP network address between Edinburgh and Glasgow is 209. 154. 16. 0 with a subnet mask of 255. 255. 255. 0. This is clearly shown on the network topology. Dundee information The LAN for Dundee has been assigned an IP network address of 192. 168. 6. 0 Each s ubnet of the above network needs to accommodate 14 host addresses. The subnet mask will be 255. 255. 255. 40. This is worked out by borrowing 4 bits from the final octet and is shown in the table below. Table 1 Custom Subnet Mask for Dundee |255 |255 |255 |240 | |128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 |128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 |128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 |128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 | |1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 |1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 |1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 |1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 | Use the 6th usable subnet for the LAN.Do not use subnet zero as the first usable subnet. The table below shows how the 6th usable network can be identified. |Network |Network ID |First Host |Last Host |Broadcast |Mask | |0 |192. 168. 6. 0 |192. 168. 6. 1 |192. 168. 6. 14 |192. 168. 6. 15 |/28 | |1 |192. 168. 6. 16 |192. 168. 6. 17 |192. 168. 6. 30 |192. 168. 6. 31 |/28 | |2 |192. 168. 6. 2 |192. 168. 6. 33 |192. 168. 6. 46 |192. 168. 6. 47 |/28 | |3 |192. 168. 6. 48 |192. 168. 6. 49 |192. 168. 6. 62 |192. 168. 6. 63 |/28 | |4 |192. 168. 6. 64 |192. 168. 6. 65 |192. 16 8. 6. 78 |192. 168. 6. 79 |/28 | |5 |192. 168. 6. 80 |192. 168. 6. 81 |192. 168. 6. 94 |192. 168. 6. 95 |/28 | |6 |192. 168. 6. 6 |192. 168. 6. 97 |192. 168. 6. 110 |192. 168. 6. 111 |/28 | |7 |192. 168. 6. 112 |192. 168. 6. 113 |192. 168. 6. 126 |192. 168. 6. 127 |/28 | You should be able to identify the pattern (or magic number from the subnet mask). If it is not immediately apparent subtract the last non-zero octet from 256. Edinburgh information The LAN for Edinburgh has been assigned an IP network address of 192. 168. 5. 0 Again, each subnet of the above network needs to accommodate 14 host addresses.The subnet mask will be 255. 255. 255. 240. This is worked out by borrowing 4 bits from the final octet and is shown in the table below. Table 1 Custom Subnet Mask for Edinburgh |255 |255 |255 |240 | |128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 |128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 |128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 |128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 | |1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 |1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 |1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 |1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 |Use the 4th usable subnet for the LAN. Do not use subnet zero as the first usable subnet. You must follow the example for Dundee to complete the table for step 1 planning. You should be able to identify the pattern (or magic number from the subnet mask). If it is not immediately apparent subtract the last non-zero octet from 256. The elements of the coursework are: 1. Planning and assigning addresses [30 marks] 2. Basic configuration [40 marks] 3. Security ACLs [10 marks] 4.Security VLANs [20 marks] The basic theme is that Glasgow (GLA) is regional headquarters of the company. Edinburgh and Dundee are branch offices. Each network associate (student) will be responsible for an entire network. This means that using either the lab equipment in EC1-13 or Packet Tracer, you will configure 3 routers, 2 switches and 8 PCs. A network address and specific number of hosts per subnet has been assigned for the local LAN on each network (Edinburgh and Dundee).From the information provided, the subnet address, the subnet mask, the first and last usable addresses and the broadcast address for each site LAN need to be determined. (When using the router or Packet Tracer – it is expected that you keep a copy of your router configuration at each stage, just in case you run into problems). Step 1 Planning Using the chart below, plan the first ten usable subnets of the LAN address assigned to Edinburgh. You have been given the first 6 addresses for Dundee, you are now expected to plan for the first 10 addresses for Edinburgh. Subnet |Subnet |Subnet |First Host |Last Host |Broadcast | | |Address |Mask (/x) | | | | |0 |192. 168. 5. 0 |28 |192. 168. 5. 1 |192. 168. 5. 14 |192. 168. 5. 5 | |1 |192. 168. 5. 16 |28 |192. 168. 5. 17 |192. 168. 5. 30 |192. 168. 5. 31 | |2 |192. 168. 5. 32 |28 |192. 168. 5. 33 |192. 168. 5. 46 |192. 168. 5. 47 | |3 |192. 168. 5. 48 |28 |192. 168. 5. 49 |192. 168. 5. 2 |192. 168. 5. 63 | |4 |192. 168. 5. 64 |28 |192. 168. 5. 65 |192. 168. 5. 78 |192. 168. 5. 79 | |5 |192. 1 68. 5. 80 |28 |192. 168. 5. 81 |192. 168. 5. 94 |192. 168. 5. 95 | |6 |192. 168. 5. 96 |28 |192. 168. 5. 97 |192. 68. 5. 110 |192. 168. 5. 111 | |7 |192. 168. 5. 112 |28 |192. 168. 5. 113 |192. 168. 5. 126 |192. 168. 5. 127 | |8 |192. 168. 5. 128 |28 |192. 168. 5. 129 |192. 168. 5. 142 |192. 168. 5. 143 | |9 |192. 168. 5. 144 |28 |192. 68. 5. 145 |192. 168. 5. 152 |192. 168. 5. 159 | |10 |192. 168. 5. 160 |28 |192. 168. 5. 161 |192. 168. 5. 174 |192. 168. 5. 175 | For the WAN links for DUN and EDN the lowest usable address on the networks must be used. Identify and use the lowest usable WAN address for your S0 interface assigned to you for the two networks shown: 1 Dundee:209. 154. 17. 1 Edinburgh:209. 154. 16. 1 For security reasons, all of the production workstations will be assigned the lower-half of the IP addresses of the assigned subnet. All of the network devices and management stations will be assigned the upper-half of the IP address numbers of the subnet assigned for the L AN. From this upper half range of addresses, the Ethernet router interface (the default gateway on each LAN) is to be assigned the highest usable address. Identify the required IP address of the Ethernet interface on your two routers. Address of your Ethernet interface on Dundee : 192. 168. 6. 10 Address of your Ethernet interface on Edinburgh : 192. 168. 5. 78 The host (PC) configurations must also be planned. Using the table, complete the host information. |Branch: DUN |IP Address Range | |Production Host Range |192. 168. 6. 97——–192. 168. 6. 103 | |(Lower half) | | |Management Host Range |192. 168. 6. 104——–192. 168. 6. 10 | |(Upper half) | | [5 marks for ranges of addresses] Supply addresses for a production and management host. Production Host (1) IP Address192. 168. 6. 97 Subnet Mask255. 255. 255. 240 Default Gateway192. 168. 6. 110 Management Host (1) IP Address192. 168. 6. 104 Subnet Mask255. 255. 255. 240 Default Gateway192. 168. 6. 110 |Branch: EDN |IP Address Range | |Production Host Range |192. 68. 5. 65——–192. 168. 5. 71 | |(Lower half) | | |Management Host Range |192. 168. 5. 72——–192. 168. 5. 78 | |(Upper half) | | Supply addresses for a production and management host. Production Host (1) IP Address192. 168. 5. 65 Subnet Mask255. 255. 255. 240 Default Gateway192. 168. 5. 78 Management Host (1)IP Address192. 168. 5. 72 Subnet Mask255. 255. 255. 240 Default Gateway192. 168. 5. 78 Step 2 Basic Configuration Apply a basic configuration to the router. This configuration should include all the normal configuration items. You must supply one router configuration file. This will be either Dundee or Edinburgh. The router configuration files will be marked as follows: Basic Configuration †¢ Router name †¢ Console and VTY configuration and passwords (use ‘cisco’, ‘class’ and ‘berril’ for console, secret and VTY passwords r espectively) †¢ Interface configurations DTE/DCE identified appropriately and clockrates set only on DCE †¢ Routing correct and working (RIP is fine) †¢ Host tables †¢ Banner display before login – warn of unauthorised access Basic Configuration (40 marks) Security (ACLS – Marked as part of step 3) 1. ACLs correct and applied to correct interface in correct direction [10] 2. ACLs correct but not applied to correct interface or direction [7 – 9] 3. ACLs attempted but some errors or wrong placement [4 – 6] 4. ACLs attempted but incorrect and not applied properly [1- 3] 5. ACLs not attempted [0]ACL Total (Total 10 marks) Step 3 Security There are several security concerns in the Internetwork. Develop Access Control Lists (ACLs) to address security issues. The following problems must be addressed: 1. The production hosts in both the Edinburgh and Dundee networks are permitted HTTP access to the 172. 16. 0. 0 network, management hosts are p ermitted no access to this network. 2. The company has discovered an Internet Web server at 198. 145. 7. 1 that is known to contain viruses. All hosts are banned from reaching this site. The ACLs are worth 10 marks. Step 4 VLANsThis step is the final 20% of the coursework mark. To achieve this step you should consider how you might use a VLAN to separate the production and management LANs. The goal is that neither network should be able to see the other network traffic. There is no additional guidance on this part of the skills test as you are expected to identify: 1. An appropriate VLAN number to use for each VLAN. 2. An appropriate VLAN configuration. 3. Implement the VLAN and provide the switch configuration file(s) to show that the VLAN has been implemented. VLAN Marks The VLAN component will be marked as follows: VLAN configured and correct configuration supplied [20] †¢ VLAN identified but configuration incomplete or incorrect [10 – 15] †¢ VLAN attempted [5 â €“ 10 depending on level of attempt] †¢ VLAN not attempted [0] VLAN (Total 20 marks) Appendix Network device configurations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] Press RETURN to get started! Router>enable Router#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router(config)# Router(config)#hostname EDINBURGH EDINBURGH(config)#line console 0 EDINBURGH(config-line)#password ciscoEDINBURGH(config-line)#login EDINBURGH(config-line)#exit EDINBURGH(config)#line vty 0 4 EDINBURGH(config-line)#password cisco EDINBURGH(config-line)#login EDINBURGH(config-line)#exit EDINBURGH(config)#enable password cisco EDINBURGH(config)#exit EDINBURGH# %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console EDINBURGH#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. EDINBURGH>en Password: EDINBURGH#config t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. EDINBURGH(config)#enable secret class EDINBURGH(config)#exit EDINBURGH# SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console [pic] [pic] EDINBURGH#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. EDINBURGH(config)#interface serial2/0 EDINBURGH(config-if)#ip address 209. 154. 16. 1 255. 255. 255. 0 EDINBURGH(config-if)#no shutdown %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial2/0, changed state to up EDINBURGH(config-if)#exit %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial2/0, changed state to up EDINBURGH(config)#interface fastethernet0/0 EDINBURGH(config-if)#ip address 192. 168. 5. 78 255. 255. 255. 240 EDINBURGH(config-if)#no shutdown LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up EDINBURGH(config-if)#exit EDINBURGH(config)#router rip EDINBURGH(config-router)#network 172. 16. 0. 0 EDINBURGH(config-router)#network 192. 168. 6. 0 EDINBURGH(config-router)#network 192. 168. 5. 0 EDINBURGH(config-rout er)#network 209. 154. 16. 0 EDINBURGH(config-router)#network 209. 154. 17. 0 EDINBURGH(config-router)#exit EDINBURGH(config)# banner motd #warn of unauthorised access# EDINBURGH(config)# banner login #do not enter if you are not authorized# EDINBURGH(config)#ip host DUN 209. 54. 17. 1 192. 168. 6. 110 EDINBURGH(config)#ip host GLA 172. 16. 1. 254 209. 154. 16. 2 209. 154. 17. 2 EDINBURGH(config)#exit EDINBURGH# %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console EDINBURGH#copy running-config startup-config Destination filename [startup-config]? Building configuration†¦ [OK] EDINBURGH# EDINBURGH>show host Default Domain is not set Name/address lookup uses domain service Name servers are 255. 255. 255. 255 Codes: UN – unknown, EX – expired, OK – OK, – revalidate temp – temporary, perm – permanent NA – Not Applicable None – Not definedHost Port Flags Age Type Address(es) DUN None (perm, OK) 0 IP 192. 168. 6. 110 209. 154. 17 . 1 GLA None (perm, OK) 0 IP 172. 16. 1. 254 209. 154. 16. 2 209. 154. 17. 2 EDINBURGH> [pic] [pic] [pic] EDINBURGH#show r Building configuration†¦ Current configuration : 1291 bytes ! version 12. 2 no service timestamps log datetime msec no service timestamps debug datetime msec o service password-encryption ! hostname EDINBURGH ! ! ! enable secret 5 $1$mERr$9cTjUIEqNGurQiFU. ZeCi1 enable password cisco ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ip host DUN 192. 168. 6. 110 209. 154. 17. 1 ip host GLA 172. 16. 1. 254 209. 154. 16. 2 209. 154. 17. 2 ! ! ! ! ! ! interface FastEthernet0/0 ip address 192. 168. 5. 78 255. 255. 255. 240 ip access-group 100 in duplex auto speed auto ! interface FastEthernet1/0 no ip address duplex auto speed auto shutdown ! interface Serial2/0 ip address 209. 154. 16. 1 255. 255. 255. 0 ip access-group 10 out ! interface Serial3/0 no ip address shutdown ! interface FastEthernet4/0 o ip address shutdown ! interface FastEthernet5/0 no ip address shutdown ! router rip network 172 . 16. 0. 0 network 192. 168. 5. 0 network 192. 168. 6. 0 network 209. 154. 16. 0 network 209. 154. 17. 0 ! ip classless ! ! access-list 100 deny tcp 192. 168. 5. 72 0. 0. 0. 7 172. 16. 0. 0 0. 0. 255. 255 eq www access-list 100 permit ip any any access-list 10 permit any access-list 10 deny host 198. 145. 7. 1 ! ! ! no cdp run ! banner login ^Cdo not enter if you are not authorized^C banner motd ^Cwarn of unauthorised access^C ! ! ! ! line con 0 password cisco login line vty 0 4 password cisco login ! ! ! endEDINBURGH# EDINBURGH#show access-lists configuration EDINBURGH(config)#access-list 100 deny tcp 192. 168. 5. 72 0. 0. 0. 7 172. 16. 0. 0 0. 0. 255. 255 eq 80 EDINBURGH(config)#access-list 100 permit ip any any EDINBURGH(config)#interface fastethernet0/0 EDINBURGH(config-if)#ip access-group 100 in EDINBURGH(config-if)#exit EDINBURGH(config)#access-list 10 permit any EDINBURGH(config)#access-list 10 deny host 198. 145. 7. 1 EDINBURGH(config)#interface serial2/0 EDINBURGH(config-if )#ip access-group 10 out EDINBURGH(config-if)#exit EDINBURGH(config)#exit EDINBURGH# %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by consoleEDINBURGH#copy running-config startup-config Destination filename [startup-config]? Building configuration†¦ [OK] EDINBURGH# [pic] EDINBURGH#show access-lists Extended IP access list 100 deny tcp 192. 168. 5. 72 0. 0. 0. 7 172. 16. 0. 0 0. 0. 255. 255 eq www permit ip any any Standard IP access list 10 permit any deny host 198. 145. 7. 1 EDINBURGH# [pic] EDINBURGHSWITCH CONFIGURATION Switch>en Switch#config t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Switch(config)#hostname EDINBURGHSWITCH EDINBURGHSWITCH(config)#line console 0 EDINBURGHSWITCH(config-line)#password ciscoEDINBURGHSWITCH(config-line)#login EDINBURGHSWITCH(config-line)#exit EDINBURGHSWITCH(config)#line vty 0 4 EDINBURGHSWITCH(config-line)#password cisco EDINBURGHSWITCH(config-line)#login EDINBURGHSWITCH(config-line)#exit EDINBURGHSWITCH(config)#enable password c isco EDINBURGHSWITCH(config)#exit EDINBURGHSWITCH# %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console EDINBURGHSWITCH#config t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. EDINBURGHSWITCH(config)#enable secret class EDINBURGHSWITCH(config)#exit EDINBURGHSWITCH# %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console EDINBURGHSWITCH# EDINBURGHSWITCH#config tEnter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. EDINBURGHSWITCH(config)#interface vlan1 EDINBURGHSWITCH(config-if)#ip address 192. 168. 5. 77 255. 255. 255. 240 EDINBURGHSWITCH(config-if)#no shutdown %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Vlan1, changed state to up %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Vlan1, changed state to up EDINBURGHSWITCH(config-if)#ip default-gateway 192. 168. 5. 78 EDINBURGHSWITCH(config)#exit EDINBURGHSWITCH# %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console EDINBURGHSWITCH#copy running-config startup-config Destination filename [startup-config]? Building configuration†¦ [OK ]EDINBURGHSWITCH# EDINBURGHSWITCH#vlan database % Warning: It is recommended to configure VLAN from config mode, as VLAN database mode is being deprecated. Please consult user documentation for configuring VTP/VLAN in config mode. EDINBURGHSWITCH(vlan)#vlan 10 name production VLAN 10 modified: Name: production EDINBURGHSWITCH(vlan)#vlan 20 name management VLAN 20 added: Name: management EDINBURGHSWITCH(vlan)#exit APPLY completed. EDINBURGHSWITCH#config t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. EDINBURGHSWITCH(config)#interface fastethernet0/2 EDINBURGHSWITCH(config-if)#switchport mode accessEDINBURGHSWITCH(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10 EDINBURGHSWITCH(config-if)

The life cycle of a star

In this physics coursework, I have been asked to carry out research of my selection and to develop it. I have selected to research the life cycle of a star, and I would conduct this by gathering the necessary information in a form of a report which explains this in detail. I have chosen to explore this particular topic firstly because I am extremely fascinated in space and the universe and secondly because I do not know much about the life cycle of a star and I deem this will help extend my knowledge. Firstly when carrying out this research before describing the life cycle of a star I need to be familiar of what a star is, and how it is formed What is a star, and how does it form? Stars are basically huge balls of hydrogen gas. Hydrogen is by far the most common element in the Universe, and stars form in clusters when large clouds of hydrogen, which naturally forms a hydrogen ‘molecule' (H+H=H2) with another atom, collapse. The hydrogen clouds collapses very slowly, although they can be speeded up by the effects of a passing star, or the shockwave from a distant supernova explosion. As the cloud collapses, it speeds up its rotation, and pulls more material into the centre, where a denser ball of gas, the ‘proto-star' forms. The proto-star collapses under its own weight, and the collisions between hydrogen molecules inside it generate heat. Eventually the star becomes hot enough for the hydrogen molecules to split apart, and form atoms of hydrogen. The star keeps on collapsing under its own weight, and getting even hotter in the core, until finally it is hot enough there (roughly 10 million degrees) for it to start generating energy, by nuclear fusion – combining hydrogen atoms to form a heavier element, helium. Energy is released from the core, and pushes its way out through the rest of the star, creating an outward pressure which stops the star's collapse. When the energy emerges from the star, it is in the form of light, and the star has begun to shine. A Star is formed from a cloud of gas, mostly hydrogen, and the dust that is initially spread over a huge volume, but which is pulled together by its own collective gravity. This gravitational collapse of the cloud creates a body of large density, and the loss of gravitational potential energy in the process is very large indeed. The result is that the original particles acquire high kinetic energy, so that the collisions between them are very violent. Atoms lose their electrons. Not only has that, collisions taken place in which electrical repulsion of nuclei is no longer strong enough to keep them apart. They can become close enough together for the strong nuclear force to take effect, so that they merge. Fusion takes place, with hydrogen as the principal key material. This begins the process of conversion of mass to energy, and much of the released energy takes the form of photons which begins to stream from the new star. Every star then exists in a state of slowly evolving stability. On the one hand there is the trend for the material to continue to collapse under gravity. On the other hand there is a tendency for the violent thermal activity and the emission of radiation resulting from fusion to blow the material apart. The more bigger star in general, the greater is the gravitational pressure and so the higher rate of energy is released by fusion, therefore bigger stars use up their supply of fusing nuclei more quickly than do smaller stars, such that bigger stars have shorter lives. The enormous luminous energy of the stars comes from nuclear fusion processes in their centres. Depending upon the age and mass of a star, the energy may come from proton fusion, helium fusion, or the carbon cycle. For brief periods near the end of the luminous lifetime of stars, heavier elements up to iron may fuse, but since iron is at the peak of the binding energy curve, the fusion of elements more massive than iron would soak up energy rather than deliver it. This links to the below graph: Fusion in stars makes energy available to create radiation, consuming mass at an amazing rate. The sun, for example loses a mass of 4.5 million tonnes every second. Also, heavier nuclei are formed from smaller ones, so that the compression of a star changes. Concluding this, as the star dies the material dependant on its size is scattered in space. The Hertzsprung – Russell Diagram This simple graph shows ways in which to classify stars. Temperature is plotted on the x-axis. This is related to the colour as cooler stars are redder, hotter stars are bluer. Relative luminosity is plotted on the y-axis. Because of the very wide range of temperatures and stellar luminosities, logarithmic scales are used. The location of an individual star on such a graph lets us establish a loose system of classification. This graph aids us to find out what star has what temperature so we can easily classify it using the relative luminosity and temperature. Here is a diagram of the graph which shows the stars in their classified points showing their rough temperature and luminosity. So how do the changes in the stars take place? Very massive stars experience several stages in their cores. o First hydrogen fuses into helium then helium to carbon creating larger nuclei. Such large stars in later life can have shells or layers with heavier nuclei towards their centres. It is not only the life expectancy of a star that depends on its mass, but also the way which it dies. o Older stars have outer layers in which hydrogen is the fuel for fusion, while the inner layers helium is the fuel, and for massive stars there may be further layers beneath. Most stars, including the sun become red giants after the end of their equilibrium phase. o This process is started by cooling in the inner core, resulting in reduced thermal pressure and radiation pressure and so causing gravitational collapse of the hydrogen shell. But the gravitational collapse provides energy for heating the shell, and so the rate of fusion in the shell increases. This makes the shell expand enormously. o The outermost surface of the star becomes cooler, and its light becomes redder, but the larger surface area means that the stars luminosity increases. o Meanwhile the gravitational collapse affects the core as well, and ultimately the process of fusion of helium in the core cause the outer shell to expand further and thin leaving the hot extremely dense core as a white dwarf. o Slowly this cools and becomes a black dwarf. o For the stars that are several times bigger then the sun, death may be even more dramatic. A core of carbon is created by fusion of helium, and once this core is sufficiently compressed then fusion of the carbon itself takes place. The rapid release of energy makes the star briefly as bright as a galaxy, as bright as 10 billion stars. o The star explodes into a supernova and its material spreads back into the space around. In even larger stars, fusion of carbon can continue more steadily, producing still larger nuclides and ultimately creating iron nuclei. The iron nuclei also experience fusion, but these are different as they are energy consuming meaning they keep it in. The central core of the star collapses under gravity. This increases temperature but cannot now greatly increase the rate of fusion, so collapse continues. Outer layers also collapse around the core, compressing it further. It becomes denser then an atomic nucleus, protons and electrons join together to create neutrons. o Meanwhile, the collapse of the outer layers heats these, increasing the rate of fusion so that suddenly the star explodes as a supernova. This spreads the material of these layers into space, leaving a small hot body behind a neutron star. o Furthermore if this supernova is big enough, its gravity continues to pull the matter towards a single point with a huge gravitational field where not even light can escape from is known as the black hole. Star pictures obtained from Internet http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy Here is an illustration of a star life cycle followed by the theory How long a star lives for and how it dies†¦ How long a star lives and how it dies, depends entirely on how massive it is when it begins. A small star can sustain basic nuclear fusion for billions of years. Our sun, for example, probably can sustain reactions for some 10 billion years. Really big stars have to conduct nuclear fusion at an enormous rate to keep in hydrostatic equilibrium and quickly falter, sometimes as fast as 40,000 years. If the star is about the same mass as the Sun, it will turn into a white dwarf star. If it is somewhat more massive, it may undergo a supernova explosion and leave behind a neutron star. But if the collapsing core of the star is very great at least three times the mass of the Sun nothing can stop the collapse. The star implodes to form an infinite gravitational warp in space, a hole. This is exemplified in a very simple diagram highlighting the consequence of each mass of the stars and what they will revolve into. Normal stars such as the Sun are hot balls of gas millions of kilometres in diameter. The visible surfaces of stars are called the photospheres, and have temperatures ranging from a few thousand to a few tens of thousand degrees Celsius. The outermost layer of a star's atmosphere is called the â€Å"corona†, which means â€Å"crown†. The gas in the coronas of stars has been heated to temperatures of millions of degrees Celsius. Most radiation emitted by stellar coronas is in X-rays because of its high temperature. Studies of X-ray emission from the Sun and other stars are therefore primarily studies of the coronas of these stars. Although the X-radiation from the coronas accounts for only a fraction of a percent of the total energy radiated by the stars, stellar coronas provide us with a cosmic laboratory for finding out how hot gases are produced in nature and how magnetic fields interact with hot gases to produce flares, spectacular explosions that release as much energy as a million hydrogen bombs The Orion Trapezium as observed. The colours represent energy; where blue and white indicate very high energies and therefore extreme temperatures. The size of the X-ray source in the image also reflects its brightness, i.e. more bright sources appear larger in size. The Life Cycle of a star: In Large Stars In hot massive stars, the energy flowing out from the centre of the star is so intense that the outer layers are literally being blown away. Unlike a nova, these stars do not shed their outer layers explosively, but in a strong, steady stellar wind. Shock waves in this wind produce X-rays; from the intensity and distribution with energy of these X-rays, astronomers can estimate the temperature, velocity and density of this wind. Medium sized Stars In medium-sized stars, such as the Sun, the outer layers consist of a rolling, boiling disorder called convection. A familiar example of convection is a sea-breeze. The Sun warms the land more quickly than the water and the warm air rises and cools as it expands. It then sinks and pushes the cool air off the ocean inland to replace the air that has risen, producing a sea-breeze. In the same way, hot gas rises from the central regions of the Sun, cools at the surface and descends again. From Red Giant To supernova Once stars that are 5 times or more massive than our Sun reach the red giant phase, their core temperature increases as carbon atoms are formed from the fusion of helium atoms. Gravity continues to pull carbon atoms together as the temperature increases and additional fusion processes proceed, forming oxygen, nitrogen, and eventually iron. As the shock encounters material in the star's outer layers, the material is heated, fusing to form new elements and radioactive isotopes. While many of the more common elements are made through nuclear fusion in the cores of stars, it takes the unstable conditions of the supernova explosion to form many of the heavier elements. The shock wave propels this material out into space. The material that is exploded away from the star is now known as a supernova remnant. The White Dwarf A star experiences an energy crisis and its core collapses when the star's basic, non-renewable energy source, hydrogen which is used up. A shell of hydrogen on the edge of the collapsed core will be compressed and heated. The nuclear fusion of the hydrogen in the shell will produce a new surge of power that will cause the outer layers of the star to expand until it has a diameter a hundred times its present value. This is called the ‘red giant' phase of a star's existence. There are other possible conditions that allow astronomers to observe X-rays from a white dwarf. These opportunities occur when a white dwarf is capturing matter from a nearby companion star. As captured matter falls onto the surface of the white dwarf, it accelerates and gains energy. This energy goes into heating gas on or just above the surface of the white dwarf to temperatures of several million degrees. The hot gas glows brightly in X-rays. A careful analysis of this process can reveal the mass of the white dwarf, its rate of rotation and the rate at which matter is falling onto it. In some cases, the matter that gathers on the surface can become so hot and dense that nuclear reactions occur. When that happens, the white dwarf suddenly becomes 10,000 times brighter as the explosive outer layers are blown away in what is called a nova outburst. After a month or so, the excitement is over and the cycle begins anew. The Supernova Every 50 years or so, a massive star in our galaxy blows itself apart in a supernova explosion. Supernovas are one of the most violent events in the universe, and the force of the explosion generates a blinding flash of radiation, as well as shock waves analogous to sonic booms. There are two types of supernovas: o Type II, where a massive star explodes o Type I, where a white dwarf collapses because it has pulled too much material from a nearby companion star onto itself. The general picture for a Type II supernova is when the nuclear power source at the centre or core of a star is exhausted, the core collapses. In less than a second, a neutron star (or black hole, if the star is extremely massive) is formed. When matter crashes down on the neutron star, temperatures rise to billions of degrees Celsius. Within hours, a disastrous explosion occurs, and all but the central neutron star is blown away at speeds in excess of 50 million kilometres per hour. A thermonuclear shock wave races through the now expanding stellar debris, fusing lighter elements into heavier ones and producing a brilliant visual outburst that can be as intense as the light of ten billion Suns. The matter thrown off by the explosion flows through the surrounding gas producing shock waves that create a shell of multimillion degrees gas and high energy particles called a supernova remnant. The supernova remnant will produce intense radio and X-radiation for thousands of years. In several young supernova remnants the rapidly rotating neutron star at the centre of the explosion gives off pulsed radiation at X-ray and other wavelengths, and creates a magnetized bubble of high-energy particles whose radiation can dominate the appearance of the remnant for a thousand years or more. Eventually, after rumbling across several thousand light years, the supernova remnant will disperse. The Neutron Stars The nucleus contains more than 99.9 percent of the mass of an atom, yet it has a diameter of only 1/100,000 that of the electron cloud. The electrons themselves take up little space, but the pattern of their orbit defines the size of the atom, which is therefore 99.9% open space. What we perceive as solid when we bump against a rock is really a disorder of electrons moving through empty space so fast that we can't see or feel the emptiness. Such extreme forces occur in nature when the central part of a massive star collapses to form a neutron star. The atoms are crushed completely, and the electrons are jammed inside the protons to form a star composed almost entirely of neutrons. The result is a tiny star that is like a gigantic nucleus and has no empty space. Neutron stars are strange and fascinating objects. They represent an extreme state of matter that physicists are eager to know more about. The intense gravitational field would pull your spacecraft to pieces before it reached the surface. The magnetic fields around neutron stars are also extremely strong. Magnetic forces squeeze the atoms into the shape of cigars. Even if a spacecraft carefully stayed a few thousand miles above the surface neutron star so as to avoid the problems of intense gravitational and magnetic fields, you would still face another potentially fatal hazard. If the neutron star is rotating rapidly, as most young neutron stars are, the strong magnetic fields combined with rapid rotation create an amazing generator that can produce electric potential differences of trillions of volts. Such voltages, which are 30 million times greater than those of lightning bolts, create deadly blizzards of high-energy particles. If a neutron star is in a close orbit around a normal companion star, it can capture matter flowing away from that star. This captured matter will form a disk around the neutron star from which it will spiral down and fall, or accrete, onto the neutron star. The in falling matter will gain an enormous amount of energy as it accelerates. Much of this energy will be radiated away at X-ray energies. The magnetic field of the neutron star can funnel the matter toward the magnetic poles, so that the energy release is concentrated in a column, or spot of hot matter. As the neutron star rotates, the hot region moves into and out of view and produces X-ray pulses. Black Holes When a star runs out of nuclear fuel, it will collapse. If the core, or central region, of the star has a mass that is greater than three Suns, no known nuclear forces can prevent the core from forming a deep gravitational damage in space called a black hole. A black hole does not have a surface in the usual sense of the word. There is simply a region, or boundary, in space around a black hole beyond which we cannot see. This boundary is called the event horizon. Anything that passes beyond the event horizon is doomed to be crushed as it descends ever deeper into the gravitational well of the black hole. No visible light, nor X-rays, nor any other form of electromagnetic radiation, or any particle, no matter how energetic, can escape. The radius of the event horizon (proportional to the mass) is very small, only 30 kilometres for a non-spinning black hole with the mass of 10 Suns.

If you could imagine an entirely different life from the one you led, Essay

If you could imagine an entirely different life from the one you led, how would you want it to be - Essay Example Being the leader I had the responsibility of allocating different individuals to a certain block and ensuring that they have done the work as expected. There was no pay and so the morale was low. This position exposed me to various challenges that one can face while working in a team. While working at various levels in various teams, I have come to realise that people respond differently and some can really pose serious challenges to attaining the goals set by the team. The first challenge that I have come across is when people have personal differences with me and they want to use that as a hindrance in the task we are supposed to undertake. I have realized that this is one of the major reasons why many teams do not perform as expected. I have learnt that it is very important to avoid bringing issues of personal differences into the team. I also realised that some people will always try to disregard my ideas and try to come up with better ones which ought to be implemented. Such people are present in any working environment and in any team. It is hard to address them since they are people who often think that they can do much better if they were in the position that one is in. I learnt how to handle them and ensure that they become part of the team instead of condemning them. Sometimes it is good to take their ideas if they are valid and show them there is no personal difference between the two of you. Some people are opposed to change. I found out that dealing with such people can pose to be a daunting challenge. Such people who like to conserve the already set policies as much as possible will always oppose any idea proposing change as much as they can. It is important at times to have dynamic people in your team. Such people are ready to think widely and embrace change when it comes. Conservatives will try to pull you down when you set new policies and they are a major hindrance in the